Photochemistry in Herbalism for Beginners
The basics of science as it applies to herbalism!
Welcome to our exploration of the fascinating world of phytochemistry.
In today’s post, we will delve into the basics of this science and highlight the key constituents that are seen across herbalism.
From potent alkaloids to beneficial flavonoids, the diverse array of phytochemicals has not only been essential in traditional medicine but has also paved the way for significant advancements in the pharmaceutical industry.
By understanding these natural compounds and their roles, we gain valuable insights into how they continue to influence modern medicine and contribute to the development of new therapeutic agents.
Phytochemistry
Phytochemicals can be classified into several groups based on their chemical structures and properties.
Common classes that apply to herbalism include:
polyphenols: diets rich in polyphenols may offer protection against chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.2
flavonoids
anthocyanins, flavanols, flavones, isoflavones
anthocyanins give color to fruits
blueberries, raspberries, grapes
flavanols like catechins
green tea, chocolate
isoflavones like genistein in soybeans can have estrogenic effects
phenolic acids
gallic acid, caffeic acid
found in fruits, veggies, whole grains
these have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
terpenoids: a diverse class of phytochemicals that contribute to the aroma and flavor of plants
carotenoids
lycopene, lutein, β-carotene
red/orange/yellow pigments in tomatoes, carrots, leafy greens
these act as antioxidants and precursors to vitamin a
monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes
menthol, limonene
found in essential oils
alkaloids: nitrogen-containing compounds with diverse physiological effects
caffeine, nicotine
capsaicin in chili peppers
they can have stimulant or analgesic properties depending on the compound
Saponins: foamy quality when agitated in water, often bitter-tasting
ex: ginsenosides in ginseng
ex: glycyrrhizin in licorice root
these have soap-like foaming properties
show cholesterol-lowering and anti-inflammatory properties
Understanding basic phytochemistry of herbs helps in assessing their safety profiles and potential side effects. Certain phytochemicals may interact with medications or cause adverse reactions in sensitive individuals, highlighting the importance of informed usage, especially if you take medications.
Note: The specific phytochemical composition can vary based on the plant variety, growing conditions, processing methods, etc.
Herbs and their compounds:
Let’s go over some examples of compounds in herbs with what class they belong to and how the compounds work in the body.
Chamomile:
Apigenin - a flavonoid
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
has been studied for potential therapeutic effects in conditions like cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and insomnia3
Chamazulene - a terpenoid
contributes to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects4
is a direct constituent of chamomile
Echinacea:
Caffeic acid - a phenolic acid
immunomodulation and antioxidant properties5
Alkylamides
anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties6
found commonly in the Asteraceae family
Elderberry:
Anthocyanins - a flavonoid
deep purple coloring and antioxidant benefits 7
Quercetin - a flavonoid 8
contributes to the anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties
may help with combating allergies, aiding exercise performance, and maintaining general health.
Calendula:
Lutein - a carotenoid
acts as an antioxidant and has been researched for its effectiveness on eye health.9
Faradiol
may have anti-inflammatory10 and hepatoprotective properties
Hibiscus:
Anthocyanins - a flavonoid
vibrant coloring and antioxidants
Hibiscus acid - a phenolic acid11
antihypertensive and lipid-lowering qualities
Lavender:
linalool - a monoterpenoid
contributes to the floral aroma and the anti-anxiety properties 12
Ursolic acid
anti-inflammatory properties and potential for anticancer research13
Peppermint
Menthol - a monoterpenoid14
cooling sensation and flavor
Rosmarinic acid - a phenolic acid15
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and antimicrobial effects
DIY Your Phytochemistry Studies:
Plant Taxonomy:
familiarize yourself with the classification of plants
this will help you identify which plants may contain which phytochemicals
Phytochemical Groups:
learning about the major groups will help you better grasp their overall purposes
start big with:
alkaloids: what they generally do
Alkaloids act as defense compounds in plants, protecting against herbivores and pathogens16
terpenes: what they generally do
They have diverse biological functions in plants, such as attracting pollinators, deterring herbivores, and protecting against environmental stresses.
etc
hone in on each group with specific examples for herbs you want to usually use
find phytochemicals for the top 3 herbs you use the most
Synergy
understand that phytochemicals work synergistically.17
this is how plants are ‘holistic’
Some phytochemicals can enhance the bioavailability, solubility, or metabolism of other compounds, increasing their effective concentrations.
Combinations of phytochemicals may overcome resistance developed by pathogens.
Safety/Dosage
research safety profiles with a website like NCBI or drugs.com
Certain phytochemicals may interact with medications or have contraindications in specific conditions. Having a small knowledge bank of these chemicals can promote safer usage.
Resources for learning
Courses and Workshops
phytochemistry courses are available across the web from schools and online learning websites
Reading books or scientific literature
Textbooks like this one to start your phytochemistry learning
Utilizing NCBI or Drugs.com for detailed information on studies conducted
Online communities
there are botany forums where you can learn more about the science of plants
facebook, reddit, etc
Conferences, seminars, webinars
many talks are given about phytochemistry as it relates to herbalism; look around for ones you can attend.
The study of phytochemistry is a vast and fascinating field that lies at the heart of herbalism. By understanding the intricate world of plant constituents, their biosynthesis, and their diverse biological activities, you can unlock the profound healing potential of herbal practices.
As you continue learning about phytochemicals, I encourage you to immerse yourself in the practical aspects - grow herbs, make tinctures and teas, and truly experience their effects. Combine book knowledge with sensory skills and firsthand observations. Don't be afraid to ask questions, connect with other herbalists, and continuously expand your understanding.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/phytochemical#:~:text=Generally%2C%20phytochemicals%20have%20been%20classified,Vega%20and%20Oomah%2C%202013).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35694805/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6472148/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7997466/
https://www.healthline.com/health/caffeic-acid
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7546144/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874112003480
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5214562/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32526861/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19781615/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25038696/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37554839/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34830043/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24054028/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33285594/
https://www.britannica.com/science/alkaloid
disclosure and advisory:
The information offered in this publication is for educational purposes only. This information has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Links to external sites are for informational purposes only. Readers must do their own research concerning the safety and usage of any herbs or supplements.
Herbal Emporium supports trusted organizations with the use of affiliate links. Affiliate links are shared sporadically throughout the publication and Herbal Emporium may receive compensation if you make a purchase with these links.
Please consult with a physician or other healthcare professional regarding any medical or health-related diagnosis or treatment options. Information in this publication should not be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional. The claims made about specific products/herbs throughout this publication are not approved to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease or ailments.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524059/